Desipramine
Skeletal formula of desipramine
Ball-and-stick model of the desipramine molecule
Clinical data
Trade namesNorpramin, Pertofrane, others
Other namesDesmethylimipramine; Norimipramine; EX-4355; G-35020; JB-8181; NSC-114901[1][2][3]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682387
Routes of
administration		Oral, intramuscular injection
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability60–70%[6]
Protein binding91%[6]
MetabolismLiver (CYP2D6)[7]
Elimination half-life12–30 hours[6]
ExcretionUrine (70%), feces[6]
Identifiers
  • 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.037
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H22N2
Molar mass266.388 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • c1cc3c(cc1)CCc2c(cccc2)N3CCCNC
  • InChI=1S/C18H22N2/c1-19-13-6-14-20-17-9-4-2-7-15(17)11-12-16-8-3-5-10-18(16)20/h2-5,7-10,19H,6,11-14H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:HCYAFALTSJYZDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Desipramine, sold under the brand name Norpramin among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in the treatment of depression.[8] It acts as a relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, though it does also have other activities such as weak serotonin reuptake inhibitory, α1-blocking, antihistamine, and anticholinergic effects. The drug is not considered a first-line treatment for depression since the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which have fewer side effects and are safer in overdose.

Medical uses

Desipramine is primarily used for the treatment of depression.[8] It may also be useful to treat symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[9] Evidence of benefit is only in the short term, and with concerns of side effects its overall usefulness is not clear.[10] Desipramine at very low doses is also used to help reduce the pain associated with functional dyspepsia.[11] It has also been tried, albeit with little evidence of effectiveness, in the treatment of cocaine dependence.[12] Evidence for usefulness in neuropathic pain is also poor.[13]

Side effects

Desipramine tends to be less sedating than other TCAs and tends to produce fewer anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, and cognitive or memory impairments.[14]

Overdose

Desipramine is particularly toxic in cases of overdose, compared to other antidepressants.[15] Any overdose or suspected overdose of desipramine is considered to be a medical emergency and can result in death without prompt medical intervention.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Desipramine[16]
SiteKi (nM)SpeciesRef
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter17.6–163Human[17][18]
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter0.63–3.5Human[17][18]
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter3,190Human[17]
5-HT1A≥6,400Human[19][20]
5-HT2A115–350Human[19][20]
5-HT2C244–748Rat[21][22]
5-HT3≥2,500Rodent[22][23]
5-HT7>1,000Rat[24]
α123–130Human[19][25][18]
α2≥1,379Human[19][25][18]
β≥1,700Rat[26][27]
Cav2.2410Human[28]
D15,460Human[29]
D23,400Human[19][25]
H160–110Human[19][25][30]
H21,550Human[30]
H3>100,000Human[30]
H49,550Human[30]
mAChTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor66–198Human[19][25]
  M1110Human[31]
  M2540Human[31]
  M3210Human[31]
  M4160Human[31]
  M5143Human[31]
σ11,990–4,000Rodent[32][33]
σ2≥1,611Rat[16][33]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.

Desipramine is a very potent and relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI), which is thought to enhance noradrenergic neurotransmission.[34][35] Based on one study, it has the highest affinity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) of any other TCA,[17] and is said to be the most noradrenergic[36] and the most selective for the NET of the TCAs.[34] The observed effectiveness of desipramine in the treatment of ADHD was the basis for the development of the selective NRI atomoxetine and its use in ADHD.[34]

Desipramine has the weakest antihistamine and anticholinergic effects of the TCAs.[37][36][38] It tends to be slightly activating/stimulating rather than sedating, unlike most others TCAs.[36] Whereas other TCAs are useful for treating insomnia, desipramine can cause insomnia as a side effect due to its activating properties.[36] The drug is also not associated with weight gain, in contrast to many other TCAs.[36] Secondary amine TCAs like desipramine and nortriptyline have a lower risk of orthostatic hypotension than other TCAs,[39][40] although desipramine can still cause moderate orthostatic hypotension.[41]

Pharmacokinetics

Desipramine is the major metabolite of imipramine and lofepramine.[42]

Chemistry

Desipramine is a tricyclic compound, specifically a dibenzazepine, and possesses three rings fused together with a side chain attached in its chemical structure.[43] Other dibenzazepine TCAs include imipramine (N-methyldesipramine), clomipramine, trimipramine, and lofepramine (N-(4-chlorobenzoylmethyl)desipramine).[43][44] Desipramine is a secondary amine TCA, with its N-methylated parent imipramine being a tertiary amine.[45][46] Other secondary amine TCAs include nortriptyline and protriptyline.[47][48] The chemical name of desipramine is 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine and its free base form has a chemical formula of C18H22N2 with a molecular weight of 266.381 g/mol.[1] The drug is used commercially mostly as the hydrochloride salt; the dibudinate salt is or has been used for intramuscular injection in Argentina (brand name Nebril) and the free base form is not used.[1][2] The CAS Registry Number of the free base is 50-47-5, of the hydrochloride is 58-28-6, and of the dibudinate is 62265-06-9.[1][2][49]

History

Desipramine was developed by Geigy.[50] It first appeared in the literature in 1959 and was patented in 1962.[50] The drug was first introduced for the treatment of depression in 1963 or 1964.[50][51]

Society and culture

Generic names

Desipramine is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name and BANTooltip British Approved Name, while desipramine hydrochloride is its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.[1][2][52][3] Its generic name in French and its DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française are désipramine, in Spanish and Italian and its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana are desipramina, in German is desipramin, and in Latin is desipraminum.[2][3]

Brand names

Desipramine is or has been marketed throughout the world under a variety of brand names, including Irene, Nebril, Norpramin, Pertofran, Pertofrane, Pertrofran, and Petylyl among others.[2][3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 363–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 304–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Desipramine - Drugs.com". drugs.com.
  4. ↑ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  5. ↑ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Lemke TL, Williams DA (24 January 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 588–. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
  7. ↑ Sallee FR, Pollock BG (May 1990). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (5): 346–364. doi:10.2165/00003088-199018050-00002. PMID 2185906. S2CID 37529573.
  8. 1 2 Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.
  9. ↑ Ghanizadeh A (July 2013). "A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of desipramine for treating ADHD". Current Drug Safety. 8 (3): 169–174. doi:10.2174/15748863113089990029. PMID 23914752.
  10. ↑ Otasowie J, Castells X, Ehimare UP, Smith CH (September 2014). "Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD006997. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006997.pub2. PMID 25238582.
  11. ↑ "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com.
  12. ↑ Pani PP, Trogu E, Vecchi S, Amato L (December 2011). "Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD002950. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002950.pub3. PMID 22161371.
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