2024 United States elections
← 2022          2023          2024          2025          2026 →
Presidential election year
Election dayNovember 5
Incumbent presidentJoe Biden (Democratic)
Next Congress119th
Presidential election
Electoral vote
The electoral map for the 2024 election, based on populations from the 2020 census
Senate elections
Seats contested34 of the 100 seats
(32 Class I seats, 1 Class II special election seat, 1 class I special and general election seat)
Map of the 2024 Senate races
     Democratic incumbent      Democratic incumbent retiring
     Republican incumbent      Republican incumbent retiring
     Independent incumbent
     No election
House elections
Seats contestedAll 435 voting-members
All six non-voting delegates
Map of the 2024 House races
     Democratic incumbent      Democratic incumbent retiring
     Republican incumbent      Republican incumbent retiring
     Vacant      District map struck down
Gubernatorial elections
Seats contested13
Map of the 2024 gubernatorial elections
     Term-limited or retiring Democrat
     Republican incumbent      Term-limited or retiring Republican
     New Progressive incumbent
     Nonpartisan      No election

The 2024 United States elections are scheduled to be held on Tuesday, November 5, 2024. During this presidential election year, the president and vice president will be elected. In addition, all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives and 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate will be contested to determine the membership of the 119th United States Congress. Thirteen state and territorial governorships and numerous other state and local elections will also be contested.

Issues

Abortion

This will be the first presidential election held after the overturn of Roe v. Wade, and the third overall election cycle after the 2022 midterm elections and the 2023 off-year elections. Republican-controlled states predominately passed near-total bans on abortion in the aftermath of the Supreme Court's June 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision. By April 2023, abortion was "largely illegal" throughout much of the United States.[1] According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, there were 15 states that have de jure early stage bans on abortion explicitly without exceptions for rape or incest: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[1] In states with laws granting exceptions, it was reported de facto that "very few exceptions to these new abortion bans have been granted" and that patients who had been raped or otherwise qualified for exceptions were being turned away, citing "ambiguous laws and the threat of criminal penalties make them unwilling to test the rules".[2]

Democrats outperformed Biden's results in the 2020 U.S. presidential election in several 2022 House special elections, with abortion cited as a major contributor to their victories.[3] Then during the 2023 elections, both Democratic and Republican operatives attributed the Democrats' overperformance streak to the growing bipartisan support of broad abortion rights in the wake of Dobbs decision.[4][5] Thus, many conservative political analysts and commentators called a continued Republican alliance with the anti-abortion movement "untenable" and an "electoral disaster", and urged the party to favor abortion rights.[6] Some issue polling has shown Donald Trump, the likely Republican nominee, outrunning his party and closing the gap with Democrats on the issue of abortion, but no election data with Trump directly on the ballot has happened to verify these results.[7]

Indictments

On November 18, 2022, three days after former president and Republican candidate Donald Trump announced his 2024 re-election bid, U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed Jack Smith as special counsel to investigate Trump's role in the January 6 U.S. Capitol attack and Trump's mishandling of government documents, including classified documents.

On March 30, 2023, Trump was indicted by a grand jury in Manhattan for his alleged role in a scandal stemming from hush money payments made to Stormy Daniels before the 2016 presidential election.[8]

On May 10, 2023, Republican New York Congressman George Santos was indicted on federal charges of fraud and money laundering.[9]

On June 8, 2023, Trump was indicted on 37 federal charges related to his alleged mishandling of classified documents by the office of the Smith special counsel investigation.[10]

On August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump again on four felony counts of conspiracy and obstruction related to Trump's role in the January 6 attack and his efforts to overturn the 2020 election.[11]

On August 14, a Georgia grand jury indicted Trump on racketeering and other felonies committed in an effort to overturn the state's 2020 election results and the Trump–Raffensperger phone call.[12][13] As of September 15, 2023, Trump has pleaded not guilty to all the charges.

On August 11, four months after incumbent president and Democratic candidate Joe Biden announced his re-election bid, Garland appointed David C. Weiss to serve as special counsel to investigate Biden's son, Hunter Biden, who was indicted on September 14, 2023, on three federal firearms-related charges.[14][15]

On September 22, 2023, Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey and his wife Nadine were both indicted on bribery charges.[16][17]

On December 19, 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court removed Trump from the state's 2024 Republican primary due to the Fourteenth Amendment's ban on candidates who engage in insurrections.[18]

Federal elections

Presidential election

The 2024 United States presidential election will be the 60th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. This will be the first presidential election under the electoral vote distribution determined by the 2020 census. Presidential electors who will elect the President and Vice President of the United States will be chosen; a simple majority (270) of the 538 electoral votes are required to win the election. President Joe Biden is running for a second term, with Vice President Kamala Harris once again serving as his running mate.[19] Other individuals have launched their candidacies in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries, though the last time a sitting president eligible for re-election did not win re-nomination from their respective party was in the 1968 presidential election.[20]

In November 2022, former President Donald Trump announced his candidacy in the 2024 presidential election.[21] Other candidates who have entered the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries include current Florida governor Ron DeSantis and former South Carolina governor and former U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Nikki Haley.[22] The first Republican presidential debate was held on August 23, 2023, and the first scheduled primary contest is the 2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, which will be held on January 15, 2024.[23]

Congressional elections

Senate elections

All 33 seats in Senate Class 1 and one seat in Senate Class 2 will be up for election; at least one additional special election will take place to fill vacancies that arise during the 118th Congress. Democrats control the majority in the closely-divided Senate following the 2022 U.S. Senate elections, but they will have to defend 23 seats in 2024. Three Democratic-held seats up for election are in the heavily Republican-leaning states of Montana, Ohio, and West Virginia, all of which were won comfortably by Trump in both 2016 and 2020.[24] Other potential Republican targets include seats in Arizona, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, while Democrats may target Republican-held seats in Florida and Texas.[25]

Special elections

Two special elections are scheduled to fill the unexpired terms of senators who vacated their seats during the 118th Congress:

House of Representatives elections

All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election. Additionally, elections will be held to select the non-voting members who represent the District of Columbia and all five permanently-inhabited U.S. territories in the House of Representatives. Republicans hold a narrow majority in the House of Representatives following the 2022 U.S. House elections.[31]

Special elections

Three special elections are scheduled.

State elections

Gubernatorial elections

Elections will be held for the governorships of eleven of the fifty U.S. states and two U.S. territories. Special elections may be held for vacancies in the other states and territories, if required by respective state or territorial constitutions.

Attorney general elections

Ten states will hold attorney general elections.

Legislative elections

Most legislative chambers will hold regularly-scheduled elections in 2024. The exceptions are the Michigan Senate, Minnesota Senate, and both legislative chambers in the states of Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Virginia. In chambers that use staggered terms, only a portion of the seats in the chamber will be up for election.

Other executive and judicial elections

In addition to gubernatorial elections, various other executive and judicial positions will hold elections at the state level in 2024.

Local elections

Mayoral elections

A number of major cities will hold mayoral elections in 2024.

Eligible incumbents

Ineligible or retiring incumbents

Table of state, territorial, and federal results

This table shows the partisan results of presidential, congressional, gubernatorial, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2024. Note that not all states and territories hold gubernatorial, state legislative, and Senate elections in 2024. The five territories and Washington, D.C., do not elect members of the Senate, and the territories do not take part in presidential elections; instead, they each elect one non-voting member of the House. Nebraska's unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are elected on a non-partisan basis, and political party affiliation is not listed.

State/Territory 2022
PVI[51]		 Before 2024 elections After 2024 elections
Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House Pres.[lower-alpha 1] Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House
Alabama R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–1 Rep Rep
Alaska R+8 Rep Coalition[lower-alpha 2] Rep Dem 1–0 Rep Rep
Arizona R+2 Dem Rep Split D/I[lower-alpha 3] Rep 6–3 Dem
Arkansas R+16 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep Rep
California D+13 Dem Dem Dem Dem 40–12 Dem
Colorado D+4 Dem Dem Dem Dem 5–3 Dem Dem
Connecticut D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 5–0 Dem
Delaware D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 1–0
Florida R+3 Rep Rep Rep Rep 20–8 Rep
Georgia R+3 Rep Rep Dem Rep 9–5 Rep Dem
Hawaii D+14 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0 Dem
Idaho R+18 Rep Rep Rep Rep 2–0 Rep Rep
Illinois D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 14–3 Dem Dem
Indiana R+11 Rep Rep Rep Rep 7–2
Iowa R+6 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep Rep
Kansas R+10 Dem Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Dem Rep
Kentucky R+16 Dem Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Dem Rep Rep
Louisiana R+12 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Rep Rep Rep
Maine D+2 Dem Dem Split R/I[lower-alpha 4] Dem 2–0 Dem
Maryland D+14 Dem Dem Dem Dem 7–1 Dem
Massachusetts D+15 Dem Dem Dem Dem 9–0 Dem
Michigan R+1 Dem Dem Dem Dem 7–6 Dem
Minnesota D+1 Dem Dem Dem Split 4–4 Dem
Mississippi R+11 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep Rep
Missouri R+10 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–2
Montana R+11 Rep Rep Split Rep 2–0
Nebraska R+13 Rep NP[lower-alpha 5] Rep Rep 3–0 Rep
Nevada R+1 Rep Dem Dem Dem 3–1 Rep
New Hampshire D+1 Rep Rep Dem Dem 2–0 Dem
New Jersey D+6 Dem Dem Dem Dem 9–3 Dem Dem
New Mexico D+3 Dem Dem Dem Dem 3–0 Dem
New York D+10 Dem Dem Dem Dem 15–11 Dem
North Carolina R+3 Dem Rep Rep Split 7–7 Rep
North Dakota R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
Ohio R+6 Rep Rep Split Rep 10–5 Rep
Oklahoma R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–0 Rep Rep
Oregon D+6 Dem Dem Dem Dem 4-2 Dem Dem
Pennsylvania R+2 Dem Split Dem Dem 9–8 Dem
Rhode Island D+8 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0 Dem
South Carolina R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–1 Rep Rep
South Dakota R+16 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep Rep
Tennessee R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 8–1 Rep
Texas R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 25–13 Rep
Utah R+13 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0
Vermont D+16 Rep Dem Split D/I[lower-alpha 6] Dem 1–0
Virginia D+3 Rep Dem Dem Dem 6–5 Rep Dem
Washington D+8 Dem Dem Dem Dem 8–2
West Virginia R+22 Rep Rep Split Rep 2–0
Wisconsin R+2 Dem Rep Split Rep 6–2 Dem
Wyoming R+25 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep
United States Even Rep Rep[lower-alpha 2] Dem Rep
Washington, D.C. D+43 Dem[lower-alpha 7] Dem[lower-alpha 7] — Dem Dem[lower-alpha 7] —
American Samoa — NP/D[lower-alpha 8] NP Rep — NP NP
Guam Dem Dem Rep [lower-alpha 9] Dem
N. Mariana Islands Ind Coalition[lower-alpha 10] Dem — Ind
Puerto Rico PNP/D[lower-alpha 11] PDP PNP/R[lower-alpha 12]
U.S. Virgin Islands Dem Dem Dem Dem
State/Territory PVI Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House Pres. Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House
Before 2024 elections After 2024 elections

Violent threats

The election campaign has been marked by widespread doxxing, swatting, and threats against politicians and activists, with a particular series of incidents starting in December 2023.[53][54][55]

Notes

  1. ↑ This column reflects the individual who won a plurality of the state's popular vote in the 2024 presidential election.
  2. 1 2 A coalition of 19 Republicans, 2 Democrats, and 2 Independents controlled the Alaska House of Representatives, while a grand coalition of 9 Democrats and 8 Republicans controlled the Alaska Senate.
  3. ↑ One of Arizona's senators, Mark Kelly, is a Democrat. The other senator from Arizona, Kyrsten Sinema, was elected as a Democrat but registered as an Independent in December 2022.
  4. ↑ One of Maine's senators, Susan Collins, is a Republican. The other senator from Maine, Angus King, is an independent who has caucused with Democrats since taking office in 2013.
  5. ↑ Though a majority of its members identify as Republicans, the unicameral Nebraska Legislature is officially nonpartisan.
  6. ↑ One of Vermont's senators, Peter Welch, is a Democrat. The other senator from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, was elected as an independent and has caucused with Democrats since taking office in 2007.
  7. 1 2 3 The federal district does not have a governor or state legislature but elects the mayor of Washington, D.C., as well as the Council of the District of Columbia.
  8. ↑ Although elections for governor of American Samoa are non-partisan, Governor Lemanu Peleti Mauga affiliates with the Democratic Party.
  9. ↑ Although Guam does not have a vote in the Electoral College, the territory has held a presidential advisory vote for every presidential election since 1980.
  10. ↑ A coalition of independents and Democrats control the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives and Senate.[52]
  11. ↑ Puerto Rican Governor Pedro Pierluisi is a member of the Puerto Rican New Progressive Party, but affiliates with the Democratic Party at the national level.
  12. ↑ Puerto Rico's Resident Commissioner, Jenniffer González, was elected as a member of the New Progressive Party and has caucused with Republicans since taking office in 2017.

References

  1. 1 2 Edsall, Thomas B. (April 12, 2023). "How The Right Came To Embrace Intrusive Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2023. Republicans in states across the country are defiantly pushing for the criminalization of abortion — of the procedure, of abortifacient drugs and of those who travel out of state to terminate pregnancy... According to research provided to The Times by the Kaiser Family Foundation, states that have abortion bans at various early stages of pregnancy with no exception for rape or incest include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia and Wisconsin.
  2. ↑ Walker, Amy Schoenfeld (January 21, 2023). "Most Abortion Bans Include Exceptions. In Practice, Few Are Granted". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2023. ...But in the months since the court's decision, very few exceptions to these new abortion bans have been granted, a New York Times review of available state data and interviews with dozens of physicians, advocates and lawmakers revealed. Instead, those with means are traveling to states where abortion is still broadly legal or are obtaining abortion pills at home because the requirements to qualify for exceptions are too steep. Doctors and hospitals are turning away patients, saying that ambiguous laws and the threat of criminal penalties make them unwilling to test the rules.
  3. ↑ "Democrat who campaigned on abortion rights wins in New York special election". The Guardian. Reuters. August 24, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  4. ↑ Knowles, Hannah (November 7, 2023). "Abortion rights advocates win major victories in Ohio, Kentucky". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Abortion rights win big in 2023 off-year elections". Axios. November 7, 2023.
  6. ↑ Luciano, Michael (November 8, 2023). "Hannity Resigns Himself to Abortion Rights Victory in Ohio: 'If We're Really Gonna Be Honest About This…'". Mediaite. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  7. ↑ Igielnik, Ruth (November 14, 2023). "Why Trump Seems Less Vulnerable on Abortion Than Other Republicans". New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  8. ↑ Scannell, Kara; Miller, John; Herb, Jeremy; Cole, Devan (March 30, 2023). "Donald Trump indicted by Manhattan grand jury". CNN Politics. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  9. ↑ Freifeld, Karen; Lynch, Sarah (May 10, 2023). "Embattled US Rep George Santos arrested on fraud, money laundering charges". Reuters. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  10. ↑ Barrett, Devlin; Stein, Perry; Dawsey, Josh (June 8, 2023). "Trump indicted in Mar-a-Lago classified documents investigation". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  11. ↑ "Trump indicted by grand jury in special counsel Jack Smith's Jan. 6 investigation - CBS News". CBS News. August 2, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Trump and 18 allies charged in Georgia election meddling as former president faces 4th criminal case". AP News. August 14, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Former President Donald Trump's fourth indictment, annotated". CNN. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  14. ↑ Reilly, Ryan J. (August 11, 2023). "Attorney General Garland appoints a special counsel in Hunter Biden probe". NBC News.
  15. ↑ Whitehurst, Lindsay (September 14, 2023). "Hunter Biden indicted on federal firearms charges in long-running probe weeks after plea deal failed". AP News. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Menendez Accused of Brazen Bribery Plot, Taking Cash and Gold". New York Times. September 22, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  17. ↑ Cohen, Luc; Zengerle, Patricia; Goudsward, Andrew; Cohen, Luc; Zengerle, Patricia (September 23, 2023). "US Senator Menendez charged with bribery, says he will not resign". Reuters. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  18. ↑ Colorado Supreme Court removes Trump from 2024 ballot CNN, December 19, 2023
  19. ↑ Rafford, Claire (January 19, 2022). "Biden commits to Harris as his running mate for 2024". Politico. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  20. ↑ Scher, Bill (November 14, 2022). "Democrats Escaped a Midterm Thrashing. Here's How to Primary Biden Anyway". Politico.
  21. ↑ Orr, Gabby (November 16, 2022). "Former Republican President Donald Trump says he's launching another White House bid". CNN Politics. CNN. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  22. ↑ Shepard, Steven (August 29, 2023). "The 2024 GOP field: How they win, how they lose". Politico.
  23. ↑ King, John; Malloy, Allie (August 25, 2023). "Some Iowa voters shift favorites after GOP debate, while Ramaswamy stokes a divide". CNN.
  24. ↑ Everett, Burgess (October 5, 2022). "Senate Dems face brutal 2024 map with at least eight undecided incumbents". Politico.
  25. ↑ Kondik, Kyle (November 16, 2022). "Georgia's Runoff is the Opening Battle of the 2024 Senate Cycle". University of Virginia.
  26. ↑ Hammel, Paul (December 5, 2022). "Ben Sasse makes it official, will resign U.S. Senate seat Jan. 8". Nebraska Examiner. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  27. ↑ Lee, A. L. (January 9, 2023). "Sen. Ben Sasse officially resigns from Senate". United Press International. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  28. ↑ Bradner, Eric (January 12, 2023). "Nebraska Gov. Pillen appoints Pete Ricketts to Sasse's Senate seat". CNN. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, an advocate for liberal priorities, dies at age 90". AP News. September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  30. ↑ Cadelago, Christopher (October 1, 2023). "Newsom picks Laphonza Butler as Feinstein replacement". Politico. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  31. ↑ Knowles, Hannah; Sotomayor, Marianna; Itkowitz, Colby (November 16, 2022). "Republicans narrowly win House, ending full Democratic control of Congress". The Washington Post.
  32. ↑ Karni, Annie (December 6, 2023). "McCarthy says he will leave Congress at the end of the year". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  33. 1 2 3 "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  34. ↑ Pengelly, Martin (December 1, 2023). "Republican George Santos expelled from Congress in bipartisan vote". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Congressman Brian Higgins Announces Plans to Leave Congress". higgins.house.gov. Buffalo, New York. November 12, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  36. ↑ Downing, Suzanne (November 11, 2022). "Anchorage Mayor Dave Bronson files letter of intent to run for reelection". Must Read Alaska. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  37. ↑ Pryor, Rebecca (April 18, 2023). "New polling shows Mayor Scott's re-election bid at risk". WBFF. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  38. ↑ Diaz, Laura (January 12, 2023). "Fresno Mayor Dyer 100% certain to seek re-election. 'I need to be here a second term'". The Fresno Bee. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  39. ↑ Scheckner, Jesse (March 1, 2023). "Daniella Levine Cava launches re-election campaign for Miami-Dade Mayor". Florida Politics. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  40. ↑ "Milwaukee Mayor Cavalier Johnson announces 2024 reelection intention". WTMJ-TV. September 20, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  41. ↑ Perez, Josue (February 17, 2023). "Pueblo Mayor Nick Gradisar formally announces reelection bid". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  42. ↑ "Pueblo County Election Results 2023". FOX21 News Colorado. November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  43. ↑ Beal-Cvetko, Bridger (December 18, 2023). "Salt Lake County Mayor Jenny Wilson will seek reelection next year". Deseret News. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  44. ↑ Candelieri, Domenick (November 8, 2023). "Gloria running for re-election in 2024". KSWB-TV. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  45. ↑ Morris, J. D.; Moench, Mallory (March 23, 2023). "S.F. Mayor Breed may have a challenger in next year's election. Here's who is looking to run". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  46. ↑ Macht, Daniel (July 18, 2023). "Stockton Mayor Kevin Lincoln explains why he's running for Congress". KCRA-TV.
  47. ↑ Cullum, James (December 1, 2023). "BREAKING: Alexandria Mayor Justin Wilson won't seek reelection". ALXnow. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  48. ↑ "Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler Will Not Seek a Third Term". September 13, 2023.
  49. ↑ Solomon, Samantha (October 23, 2020). "Mayor Steinberg says he will not run for a third term, despite the opportunity through 'strong mayor' measure". ABC News 10. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  50. ↑ Fries, Amanda; Newman, Meredith (October 4, 2023). "Carney expresses interest in Wilmington mayor after Purzycki announces he won't run in 2024". The News Journal. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  51. ↑ Wasserman, David (April 15, 2021). "Introducing the 2021 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index". The Cook Political Report. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  52. ↑ Manglona, Thomas (November 16, 2022). "Independents, Democrats take control of the CNMI Senate". KUAM News. Hagåtña, Guam. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  53. ↑ Hirschkorn, Phil (January 2, 2024). "Shenna Bellows speaks out: Maine's secretary of state stands defiant". Salon. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  54. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (January 2, 2024). "How death threats get Republicans to fall in line behind Trump". Vox. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  55. ↑ Poonia, Gitanjali (January 2, 2024). "Hunter Biden laptop repairman John Paul Mac Isaac's home 'swatted,' amid surge in political targets". Deseret News. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
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