DMRT1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesDMRT1, CT154, DMT1, doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1
External IDsOMIM: 602424 MGI: 1354733 HomoloGene: 9280 GeneCards: DMRT1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1761

50796

Ensembl

ENSG00000137090

ENSMUSG00000024837

UniProt

Q9Y5R6

Q9QZ59

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_021951
NM_001363767

NM_015826

RefSeq (protein)

NP_068770
NP_001350696

NP_056641

Location (UCSC)Chr 9: 0.84 – 0.97 MbChr 19: 25.48 – 25.58 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1, also known as DMRT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DMRT1 gene.[5][6][7]

Function

DMRT1 is a dose sensitive transcription factor protein that regulates Sertoli cells and germ cells. The DMRT1 gene is located at the end of the 9th chromosome. This gene is found in a cluster with two other members of the gene family, having in common a zinc finger-like DNA-binding motif (DM domain). The DM domain is an ancient, conserved component of the vertebrate sex-determining pathway that is also a key regulator of male development in flies and nematodes, and is found to be the key sex-determining factor in chickens.[8] The majority of DMRT1 protein is located in the testicular cord and Sertoli cells, with a small amount in the germ cells.

Defective testicular development and XY feminization occur when this gene is hemizygous.[5] Two copies of the DMRT1 gene are required for normal sexual development. When a DMRT1 gene is lost, the most common disease is chromosome 9p deletion, which causes abnormal testicular formation and feminization. The DMRT1 gene is critical for male sex determination; without this gene the female characteristic takes over and male characteristic is slight or non-existent.

When DMRT1 is knocked out in mice, the mice showed changes in both Sertoli and germ cells soon after formation of the gonadal ridge. The main defects associated with DMRT1 knockout were developmental arrest, excess proliferation of germ cells, and failure to undergo meiosis, mitosis, or migration. Thus, the knockout model shows that loss of the DMRT1 gene is associated with incomplete germ cell development leading to infertility, abnormal testicular formation, and/or feminization of the affected individual. Induced knockout of DMRT1 in adult male mice has been found to cause transdifferentiation of somatic cells in the testis to the equivalent cell types that would ordinarily be found in the ovary.[9] Conversely, conditional expression of DMRT1 in the gonad of female mice caused the apparent transdifferentiation of ovarian somatic (granulosa) cells to the equivalent cell type (Sertoli) ordinarily found in males.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000137090 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024837 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: DMRT1 doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1".
  6. ↑ Raymond CS, Shamu CE, Shen MM, Seifert KJ, Hirsch B, Hodgkin J, Zarkower D (February 1998). "Evidence for evolutionary conservation of sex-determining genes". Nature. 391 (6668): 691–5. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..691R. doi:10.1038/35618. PMID 9490411. S2CID 11414843.
  7. ↑ Raymond CS, Parker ED, Kettlewell JR, Brown LG, Page DC, Kusz K, Jaruzelska J, Reinberg Y, Flejter WL, Bardwell VJ, Hirsch B, Zarkower D (June 1999). "A region of human chromosome 9p required for testis development contains two genes related to known sexual regulators". Hum. Mol. Genet. 8 (6): 989–96. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.6.989. PMID 10332030.
  8. ↑ Smith CA, Roeszler KN, Ohnesorg T, Cummins DM, Farlie PG, Doran TJ, Sinclair AH (August 2009). "The avian Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken". Nature. 461 (7261): 267–71. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..267S. doi:10.1038/nature08298. PMID 19710650. S2CID 4413389.
  9. ↑ Matson CK, Murphy MW, Sarver AL, Griswold MD, Bardwell VJ, Zarkower D (July 2011). "DMRT1 prevents female reprogramming in the postnatal mammalian testis". Nature. 476 (7358): 101–4. doi:10.1038/nature10239. PMC 3150961. PMID 21775990.
  10. ↑ Lindeman RE, Gearhart MD, Minkina A, Krentz AD, Bardwell VJ, Zarkower D (March 2015). "Sexual cell-fate reprogramming in the ovary by DMRT1". Curr Biol. 25 (6): 764–71. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.034. PMC 4366330. PMID 25683803.
  1. Anthony D. Krentza,b, Mark W. Murphya, Shinseog Kima,1, Matthew S. Cookc, Blanche Capelc, Rui Zhud, Angabin Matind, Aaron L. Sarvere, Keith L. Parkerf, Michael D. Griswoldg, Leendert H. J. Looijengah, Vivian J. Bardwella and David Zarkower. "The DM Domain Protein DMRT1 Is a Dose-sensitive Regulator of Fetal Germ Cell Proliferation and Pluripotency." The DM Domain Protein DMRT1 Is a Dose-sensitive Regulator of Fetal Germ Cell Proliferation and Pluripotency. PNAS, 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.
  2. Christopher S. Raymond1, Emily D. Parker2, Jae R. Kettlewell1, Laura G. Brown3, David C. Page3, Kamila Kusz4, Jadwiga Jaruzelska4, Yuri Reinberg5, Wendy L. Flejter6, Vivian J. Bardwell1,2, Betsy Hirsch7 and David Zarkower1. "Human Molecular Genetics." A Region of Human Chromosome 9p Required for Testis Development Contains Two Genes Related to Known Sexual Regulators. Oxford Journal, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
  3. Craig A. Smith, Kelly N. Roeszler, Thomas Ohnesorg, David M. Cummins, Peter G. Farlie, Timothy J. Doran & Andrew H. Sinclair. "The Avian Z-linked Gene DMRT1 Is Required for Male Sex Determination in the Chicken." Nature.com. Nature, 26 Aug. 2009. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.
  4. "DMRT1 Gene." - GeneCards. Crown Human Genome Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, the Weizmann Institute of Science,http://genome.ucsc.edu/. 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.
  5. Ning Lei, Kaori I. Hornbaker, Daren A. Rice, Tatiana Karpova, Valentine A. Agbor, and Leslie L. Heckert. "Sex-specific Differences in Mouse DMRT1 Expression Are Both Cell Type- and Stage-dependent during Gonad Development." Sex-specific Differences in Mouse DMRT1 Expression Are Both Cell Type- and Stage-dependent during Gonad Development. NIH Public Access, 13 June 2007. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.

Further reading


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