Of the 102 counties of the state of Illinois, 84 are organized into civil townships, usually referred to as simply "townships" in state law. All told, Illinois has 1,428 such townships, and they are the slight majority of the state's general units of local government.[1]
The legal name of each township is the form "___ Township" or "Town of ____".[2] State law specifies that no two townships in Illinois shall have the same name,[3] and that, if the Illinois Secretary of State compares the township abstracts and finds a duplicate, the county that last adopted the name shall instead adopt a different name at the next county board meeting.[4] Nonetheless, many township names remain duplicates in Illinois.
History
Local government in the Illinois Territory, and the state of Illinois after 1818 statehood, was predominantly handled by the state's counties, although towns and villages also existed. Chicago was chartered as the state's first city in 1837.
The 1848 Constitution of Illinois granted the voters of counties the ability to divide their county into townships.[1]
Other forms
Cook County is organized into townships except for the city of Chicago: in 1902, voters in Chicago chose to abolish the eight townships in the city.[5]
There are 17 counties with no township government: Alexander, Calhoun, Edwards, Hardin, Johnson, Massac, Menard, Monroe, Morgan, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Scott, Union, Wabash, and Williamson.[5] Each of those counties is instead divided into precincts. Unlike townships, precincts have no functions in and of themselves and all their administrative functions are performed by the county.[1]
Organization and naming
The operation of townships in Illinois is established primarily by the Township Code (60 ILCS 1). Each county has the option to adopt or discontinue the township form of government.[6]
Each township name is chosen by "in accordance with the express wish of the inhabitants"; but if "there is not a degree of unanimity as to the name", then the name may be chosen by the commissioners that are dividing the county into townships. In addition, if the county board is petitioned by a majority of the township's voters, the board may change the township's name.[3]
Each township is governed by an elected board, which consists of a "supervisor" plus four "trustees".[7] There are special provisions for automatic creation of a township in any city or village where township organization has been chosen for the county but some of the municipality's territory does not yet have an organized township;[8] for consolidating the territory of a city across multiple townships into a single township for the city at the voters' request;[9] and for creating an optional "coterminous" township that follow the borders of a city in most circumstances and allows the city council to act as the township board.[10]
Powers
60 ILCS 1/85-13 enumerates general services that townships are allowed to spend money on:
- Public safety (including law enforcement, fire protection, and building code enforcement).
- Environmental protection (including sewage disposal, sanitation, and pollution abatement).
- Public transportation (including transit systems, paratransit systems, and streets and roads).
- Health.
- Recreation.
- Libraries.
- Social services for the poor and aged.
- Development and retention of business, industrial, manufacturing, and tourist facilities within the township.
Other parts of 60 ILCS 1 authorize townships to provide cemeteries,[11] comfort stations, community buildings, hospitals, monuments, open spaces, parks, facilities for the developmentally disabled, and disposal of brush and leaves.[12] After approval by a referendum, a township may also provide water and sewer services and general waste collection.
Townships
Coterminous townships
Several townships in Illinois are coterminous, each having boundaries identical to an incorporated municipality. Also called "townships within a city" or a "coterminous municipality," conterminous townships are governed by the state's Township Code, and granted additional privileges and powers.[13] Those privileges and powers include the ability to combine township offices and city offices except that of township supervisor whose role then becomes supervisor of general assistance, the ability for the city council to exercise all of the powers of the township board, and the ability to unilaterally annex small portion of adjacent township territory.[13]
Some townships are functionally coterminous, in which a city completely encompasses their boundaries, but also includes additional territory of adjacent townships. Examples of functionally coterminous municipalities include Granite City Township, Madison County; City of Peoria Township, Peoria County; and Capital Township, Sangamon County.[14] These townships retain coterminous status as it relates to the function and structure of their local government - for instance, Capital Township's roads are maintained by the Springfield Department of Public Works as opposed to a township highway commission. However, unlike physically conterminous municipalities, functional coterminous municipalities can not unilaterally annex small portions of adjacent township territory,[15] and must follow the regular annexation process laid out in the Illinois Municipal Code.[16]
As of 2013, coterminous townships included:
- Alton Township, Madison County (Alton, Illinois)
- Berwyn Township, Cook County (Berwyn, Illinois)[17]
- Champaign City Township, Champaign County (Champaign, Illinois)
- Bloomington City Township, McLean County (Bloomington, Illinois)
- Cicero Township, Cook County (Cicero, Illinois)
- Cunningham Township, Champaign County (Urbana, Illinois)
- East St. Louis Township, St. Clair County (East St. Louis, Illinois)
- Freeport Township, Stephenson County (Freeport, Illinois)
- Galesburg Township, Knox County (Galesburg, Illinois)
- Godfrey City Township, Madison County (Godfrey, Illinois)
- Macomb City Township, McDonough County (Macomb, Illinois)
- Oak Park Township, Cook County (Oak Park, Illinois)
- Quincy Township, Adams County (Quincy, Illinois)
- River Forest Township, Cook County (River Forest, Illinois)
- Warsaw Township, Hancock County (Warsaw, Illinois)
- Zion Township, Lake County (Zion, Illinois)
Former townships
- Belleville Township, St. Clair County — Dissolved at the end of May 2017, under a new Article 28 of the Township Code (60 ILCS 1/28-10), with the approval of ordinances by the township in January 2016 and its co-terminous municipality, the City of Belleville, in May 2016.[18][19]
- Evanston Township, Cook County — formed as Ridgeville Township in 1850;[20]: 103 boundaries changed and renamed Evanston Township in 1857;[20]: 109 [21] dissolved in May 2017 and functions transferred to City of Evanston[22][23]
- Hyde Park Township, Cook County — created in 1861; annexed into Chicago in 1889[24]
- Jefferson Township, Cook County — created in 1850; annexed into Chicago in 1889[25]
- Lake Township, Cook County — created in 1850; annexed into Chicago in 1889[26]
- Lake View Township, Cook County — formed from part of Ridgeville Township in 1857;annexed into Chicago in 1889[20]: 109 [21][27]
- Milam Township, Macon County — merged into neighboring Mount Zion Township, Macon County in 2009.[28]
- North Chicago, South Chicago, and West Chicago Townships, Cook County, formed in the 1840s within Chicago, abolished 1902
- Ridgeville Township, Cook County — see Evanston Township in this list
- Rocky Run Township, Hancock County[29]
- Salisbury Township, Sangamon County — In 1989, Salisbury Township was extinguished and its territory annexed to Fancy Creek and Gardner townships.[30]
- South Fillmore Township, Montgomery County[31]
- Wilcox Township, Hancock County[29]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 "An Inventory of Local Governments in Illinois: Townships". The Institute for Illinois' Fiscal Sustainability. Civic Federation. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
- ↑ Township Corporate Powers, Generally (60 ILCS 1/85). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- 1 2 Township names (60 ILCS 1/5-40). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ↑ Duplicate township names (60 ILCS 1/5-55). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- 1 2 "Cook County Township Government FAQ Part 1". The Civic Federation. April 14, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ↑ Adoption of township organization (60 ILCS 1/5). Retrieved 2012-05-14.; Discontinuance of township organization (60 ILCS 1/25). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ↑ Township Board (60 ILCS 1/80). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ↑ Township co-extensive with city or village (60 ILCS 1/5-75). Retrieved 2012-05-14.; Territory deemed a township (60 ILCS 1/15-45). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ↑ Consolidation Of Townships Within City (60 ILCS 1/20). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ↑ Township Within A City (60 ILCS 1/15). Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ↑ Township Cemeteries (60 ILCS 1/130), Public Graveyards (60 ILCS 1/133), and Joint Township Cemeteries (60 ILCS 1/135)
- ↑ Disposal of brush and leaves (60 ILCS 1/210-7). Retrieved 2012-05-15.
- 1 2 "Article 15. Township within a city". Illinois General Assembly. State of Illinois. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- ↑ Sohl, Shannon N.; Bannovetz, James M. (May 2014). "Too Many Governments in Illinois? What is the Impact on Townships?" (PDF). Policy Profiles. Northern Illinois University. 13 (1): 1–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ↑ "Nameoki Twp. v. Granite City Twp". CaseMine. Appellate Court of Illinois, Fifth District. February 9, 1993. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Article 7 Territory". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Township". City of Berwyn, Illinois. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
- ↑ Koziatek, Mike (January 19, 2016). "Belleville Township board votes to dissolve township effective May 2017". Belleville News-Democrat (online ed.). Belleville, Illinois. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
- ↑ Taketa, Kristen (May 2, 2016). "Belleville council votes to dissolve township, absorb services". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
- 1 2 3 Currey, J. Seymour (1909). "Chicago's North Shore". In Illinois State Historical Society (ed.). Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the year 1908. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library. pp. 103–109. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
- 1 2 Weston A. Goodspeed; Daniel D. Healy, eds. (1909). History of Cook County, Illinois; being a general survey of Cook County. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: Goodspeed Historical Association. p. 251. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
- ↑ Dietrich, Matthew (September 19, 2014). "Evanston Township ceases to exist". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
- ↑ Smith, Bill (August 25, 2015). "State task force hears Evanston's consolidation story". Evanston Now. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
- ↑ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Hyde Park Township". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
- ↑ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Jefferson Township". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
- ↑ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Lake Township". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
- ↑ Keating, Ann Durkin. "Lake View Township". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago: Chicago History Museum. Retrieved June 6, 2017. Citing Keating, Ann Durkin (1988). Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis.
- ↑ Matherly, Brenda (November 6, 2016). "Consolidation on the Ballot" (PDF). LINK: Local Information, News and Know-How. Illinois Farm Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
- 1 2 Swearingen, Joy (February 1, 2017). "Rocky Run-Wilcox is name of two merged townships". Hancock County Journal-Pilot. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
- ↑ 1990 Census of Population and Housing: Population and Housing Unit Counts: Illinois (PDF), Bureau of the Census, 1990, p. III-5, retrieved June 6, 2017
- ↑ "Ballot Taking Shape For April 4 Consolidated Election". The Journal-News (online ed.). Hillsboro, Illinois. January 17, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
