retinoic acid receptor alpha
Identifiers
SymbolRARA
NCBI gene5914
HGNC9864
OMIM180240
RefSeqNM_000964
UniProtP10276
Other data
LocusChr. 17 q21.1
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StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
retinoic acid receptor beta
Identifiers
SymbolRARB
NCBI gene5915
HGNC9865
OMIM180220
RefSeqNM_000965
UniProtP10826
Other data
LocusChr. 3 p24
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StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
retinoic acid receptor gamma
Identifiers
SymbolRARG
NCBI gene5916
HGNC9866
OMIM180190
RefSeqNM_000966
UniProtP13631
Other data
LocusChr. 12 q13
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor which can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor[1] that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, retinoid active derivatives of Vitamin A.[2] They are typically found within the nucleus.[3] There are three retinoic acid receptors (RAR), RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma, encoded by the RARA, RARB, RARG genes, respectively. Within each RAR subtype there are various isoforms differing in their N-terminal region A.[1] Multiple splice variants have been identified in human RARs: four for RARA, five for RARB, and two for RARG.[4] As with other type II nuclear receptors, RAR heterodimerizes with RXR and in the absence of ligand, the RAR/RXR dimer binds to hormone response elements known as retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) complexed with corepressor protein. Binding of agonist ligands to RAR results in dissociation of corepressor and recruitment of coactivator protein that, in turn, promotes transcription of the downstream target gene into mRNA and eventually protein. In addition, the expression of RAR genes is under epigenetic regulation by promoter methylation.[5] Both the length and magnitude of the retinoid response is dependent of the degradation of RARs and RXRs through the ubiquitin-proteasome.[3] This degradation can lead to elongation of the DNA transcription through disruption of the initiation complex or to end the response to facilitate further transcriptional programs.[6] Due to RAR/RXR heterodimers acting as subtrates to the non steroid hormone ligand retinoid they are extensively involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, et al. (December 2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LX. Retinoic acid receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 58 (4): 712–725. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.4. PMID 17132850. S2CID 7483165.
  2. ↑ Allenby G, Bocquel MT, Saunders M, Kazmer S, Speck J, Rosenberger M, et al. (January 1993). "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: interactions with endogenous retinoic acids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (1): 30–34. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90...30A. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.1.30. PMC 45593. PMID 8380496.
  3. 1 2 Bastien J, Rochette-Egly C (March 2004). "Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes". Gene. 328: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005. PMID 15019979.
  4. ↑ di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, et al. (February 2015). "Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 41: 1–115. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003. PMID 25543955.
  5. ↑ Rotondo JC, Borghi A, Selvatici R, Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Corazza M, et al. (July 2018). "Association of Retinoic Acid Receptor β Gene With Onset and Progression of Lichen Sclerosus-Associated Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma". JAMA Dermatology. 154 (7): 819–823. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1373. PMC 6128494. PMID 29898214.
  6. ↑ Bastien J, Rochette-Egly C (March 2004). "Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes". Gene. 328: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005. PMID 15019979.
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